Definition and Examples of Parsing in English Grammar

Definition and Examples of Parsing in English Grammar Parsing is a linguistic exercise that includes separating a book into its segment grammatical features with a clarification of the structure, work, and syntactic relationship of each part so the content can be comprehended. The term parsing originates from the Latin standards for grammatical feature). In contemporary etymology, parsing typically alludes to the PC helped syntactic examination of language. PC programs that consequently add parsing labels to a book are called parsers. Key Takeaways: Parsing Parsing is the way toward separating a sentence into its components with the goal that the sentence can be understood.Traditional parsing is finished by hand, in some cases utilizing sentence outlines. Parsing is additionally associated with increasingly complex types of investigation, for example, talk examination and psycholinguistics. Parse Definition In phonetics, to parse intends to separate a sentence into its segment parts with the goal that the significance of the sentence can be comprehended. Here and there parsing is finished with the assistance of devices, for example, sentence outlines (visual portrayals of grammatical developments). While parsing a sentence, the peruser observes the sentence components and their grammatical forms (regardless of whether a word is a thing, action word, descriptive word, and so forth.). The peruser likewise sees different components, for example, the action word tense (current state, past tense, future tense, and so forth.). When the sentence is separated, the peruser can utilize their examination to decipher the importance of the sentence. A few language specialists draw a differentiation between full parsing and skeleton parsing. The previous alludes to the full investigation of a book, including as point by point a portrayal of its components as could be expected under the circumstances. The last alludes to a more straightforward type of investigation used to get a handle on a sentences essential importance. Conventional Methods of Parsing Customarily, parsing is finished by taking a sentence and separating it into various grammatical forms. The words are set into particular linguistic classes, and afterward the syntactic connections between the words are recognized, permitting the peruser to decipher the sentence. For instance, take the accompanying sentence: The man opened the entryway. To parse this sentence, we initially order each word by its grammatical form: the (article), man (thing), opened (action word), the (article), entryway (thing). The sentence has just a single action word (opened); we would then be able to distinguish the subject and object of that action word. For this situation, since the man is playing out the activity, the subject is man and the item is entryway. Since the action word is opened-as opposed to opens or will open-we realize that the sentence is in the past tense, which means the activity depicted has just happened. This model is a straightforward one, however it shows how parsing can be utilized to light up the importance of a book. Conventional strategies for parsing might incorporate sentence charts. Such visual guides are in some cases supportive when the sentences being dissected are particularly intricate. Talk Analysis Not at all like straightforward parsing, talk examination alludes to a more extensive field of study worried about the social and mental parts of language. The individuals who perform talk examination are keen on, among different subjects, types of language (those with certain set shows inside various fields) and the connections among language and social conduct, legislative issues, and memory. Along these lines, talk investigation goes a long ways past the extent of customary parsing, which is restricted to that singular writings. Psycholinguistics Psycholinguistics is a field of study that manages language and its relationship with brain science and neuroscience. Researchers who work in this field study the manners by which the mind forms language, changing signs and images into important proclamations. All things considered, they are essentially keen on the fundamental procedures that make conventional parsing conceivable. They are intrigued, for instance, in how unique mind structures encourage language obtaining and perception. PC Assisted Parsing Computational phonetics is a field of study where researchers have utilized a principles based way to deal with create PC models of human dialects. This work consolidates software engineering with subjective science, arithmetic, reasoning, and man-made consciousness. With PC helped parsing, researchers can utilize calculations to perform text examination. This is particularly valuable to researchers in light of the fact that, dissimilar to customary parsing, such apparatuses can be utilized to rapidly examine enormous volumes of text, uncovering designs and other data that couldn't be handily gotten something else. In the developing field of computerized humanities, for instance, PC helped parsing has been utilized to break down crafted by Shakespeare; in 2016, abstract history specialists closed from a PC investigation of the play that Christopher Marlowe was the co-creator of Shakespeares Henry VI. One of the difficulties of PC helped parsing is that PC models of language are rule-based, which means researchers must advise calculations how to decipher certain structures and examples. In real human language, notwithstanding, such structures and examples don't generally have similar implications, and etymologists must break down individual guides to decide the rules that oversee them. Sources Dowty, David R., et al. Common Language Parsing: Psychological, Computational and Theoretical Perspectives. Cambridge University Press, 2005.Halley, Ned. The Wordsworth Dictionary of Modern English: Grammar, Syntax and Style for the 21st Century. Wordsworth Editions, 2001.

Using “Too much punch for judy” as a stimulus

In the second exercise we needed to carry on ‘A night on the town’ as still pictures, we did this in a gathering of four (myself, Luke, Reece and lee). Our improvement for this assignment was our own perception from perusing the content. In the initial two scenes we had a part stage, demonstrating two men and two ladies preparing for their night out, in doing so we needed to make juxtaposition; so the crowd can plainly separate between the two gatherings of individuals in the still picture. In the third scene we needed to show a despite everything picture of the two men viewing the two ladies in the bar we (me and Reece) needed to upgrade our outward appearances and non-verbal communication to appear pulled in to the ladies (Luke and Lee). What we did to show that we was keen on the two young ladies was have our view legitimately on them, and our bodies must be very ‘masculine’ and outward appearances were curious, we made this conceivable by causing a stir and having wide eyes, and our heads were reclined at an edge, to show that we are ‘checking them out’. Lee and Luke needed to close themselves from the crowd, and make them face the floor, to show timidity. We did this to show a run of the mill night out in a bar, it was a show. Towards the finish of the exercise we needed to form the still pictures into a pretend, utilizing talk up lines and other explorative methodologies. In the main scene we had the two gatherings preparing for their night out, simultaneously, yet this time we included development, and discourse. Myself and Reece playing the two men, was from east London, so we had a common cockney complement , and moderate and overwhelming development, to make a feeling of quality. To make the two ladies to begin acting, we denoted the second by utilizing the line ‘come on mate, dislike we’re ’gonna’ crash. After that line was said that was the prompt for Luke and Lee to begin their exhibition, they were two run of the mill ladies from Essex; with their pretend they improved the ladies by having ladylike developments and doing ordinary signals for instance putting on make-up and asking ‘if this outfit looks decent? The following scene included us in the bar, we gazed with the men entering the bar before the ladies, and they’ve effectively settled with a beverage. With our characterisation we had made two common men searching for ladies to talk up to in a bar, we had a quiet and smooth tone to our voices to imply this. When the two ladies entered the bar, we solidified with a despite everything picture that we utilized in the primary exercise, to proceed with the presentation I professed to murmur in to Reece’s ear ‘I’m having the one on the left. We had a spilt stage where the two gatherings talked between one another, while the other gathering emulated out of sight. This was done so the crowds could comprehend what the men and women’s aims were. Each gathering discussed their affections for the individual they need to ‘chat-up with, we did this draw in the crowd as we are uncovering our motivations in this presentation. To end our presentation Reece approached Lee and utilized a ‘cheesy visit up line’ so we can polish off with a touch of parody; the line was ‘Hey angel, I’ve got the pencil; and you’ve got the sharpener! Soon after that line we went straight into a despite everything picture, to show the stun on the entirety of our appearances as though to state, that was the most noticeably terrible visit up line utilized. In another exercise we needed to watch a short promotion about beverage driving, and the impacts on liquor on individuals. We needed to make a short mindfulness advert that shows the impacts of alcoholic driving, and an approach to quit driving while inebriated with liquor. Our gathering comprised of, me (driver), Brandon (traveler), Binte (traveler) and Tyrell (traveler). We thought of a fundamental layout for an exhibition. The story was the four of us went on a run of the mill ‘night out’ and become inebriated and chosen to commute home, when I put the key in the start we solidified, representing that I was having a dream, yet was ignorant of it. We at that point utilized authenticity to mimic us driving along in a key, by doing standard conventions, or missing them and afterward acknowledging what occurred, we did to show the crowd that drinking can more slow your response and thinking process . At that point out of nowhere Brandon declares that he has another beverage in his pocket, this causes a fight in the vehicle as we battle for the beverage, at that point Tyrell, who is the front seat traveler , stretches around and kicks the guiding wheel, making the vehicle go off to some far away place and crash into a tree, to depict the accident we tossed our bodies in various ways as though we got tossed out, we did this as it was naturalism, as it’s regular to get toss about in auto collision and go a totally unique way . At that point we re-wound the entire excursion, including the accident, this was us utilizing physical theater and cross-cutting, we did this to improve and draw in the crowd as it would be significantly more fascinating to watch rather than essentially simply curtailing to the firs scene. At the point when we returned to the main scene when I put the key in the start we halted, and afterward we cut out all solid and I had a fast idea track, while the others were emulating out of sight, I discussed my vision and what is going to occur, we came back to the presentation by Tyrell hitting me and saying ‘hurry up lets go’ as he did the first run through, to show this was this present reality now. I out of nowhere said ‘No! We’re not driving’ then unexpectedly we envisioned another vehicle hitting a tree, which would have been us, this was the anti-agents from driving.

The Xanga Survey

The Xanga Survey Mid-summer frivolity, part one Instructions: bold everything that is true about you. 01. I have a cell phone. 02. I am addicted to diet coke. 03. Im the youngest child. 05. I like getting lap dances. 06. I like hair better unwashed. 07. I like techno rock. 08. i share secrets with only one or two people. 09. I cant live without lipgloss. 10. I cant live without music. 11. I want to be famous. 12. I spend money i dont have. 13. Ill be a kid forever. 14. Ive seen the Backstreet Boys 2 times. 15. I get annoyed easily. 16. I eventually want kids. (um, too late. -BJ) 17. I wish I had more friends. 18. I have more than a couple horrible memories. 19. I watch Pay-Per-View movies late at night. 20. I am a person. 21. My first kiss was in middle school. 22. I want to go to art school. 23. I love taking pictures. 24. I enjoy girls who are fake. 25. I can be mean when I want to. 26. My dreams are bizzare. 27. I paint boys nails. 28. I have way too many purses. 29. Ive seen Fight Club at least 478614235 times. 30. I dress how I feel when i wake up. 31. I like being visited. 32. Sometimes I cry for almost no reason. 33. I hate when people are late. 34. I procrastinate. 35. I love winter. 36. I have too many clothes for my closet/dresser. 37. I hate to sleep. 38. I think I am smart. 39. Im afraid of dying. 40. I hate drama. 41. I am unconventionally sexy. 42. I love my hair. 43. I like to scream only sometimes. 44. I love the beach. 45. I had the chicken pox. 46. Im excited for the future. 47. I wish i could take control of my emotions. 48. I cant wait till New Years. 49. I am wearing a fake gold ring. 50. I love my friends. 51. Christmas is my favorite holiday. 52. I can be very insecure sometimes. 53. I have been to one or more lifechanging concert(s). 54. I hate what racist people believe. 55. I hate computers. 56. I love guys that play the guitar. 57. I state the obvious. 58. I wish I was at summer camp. 59. I love to dance. 60. I love to sing, even if i cant. 61. I hate cleaning my room. 62. I tend to get jealous very easily. 63. I love cute un derwear. 64. I am thirsty. 65. I cry when I see animals/people getting hurt/abused. 66. I want to go to Greece. 67. I dont like to study for tests. 68. I believe in my God. 69. I hate food. 70. I have a horrible sense of direction. 71. I love high school. 72. I broke my leg once or twice. 73. Im tired. 74. I love kisses on my forehead and neck. 75. I like the color pink. 76. I love to sew. 77. I have blue eyes. 78. I have a crush. 79. I would love to travel the whole world. 80. I become stressed easily. 81. I wish on stars. 82. I like comfy sweatpants. 84. I like Xanga. 84. I love dancing in the rain. 85. I love my family. 86. I wish I was cooler. 87. I dont like myself. 88. I always wanted to learn to play the acoustic guitar. 89. I hate the feeling of failure. 90. im a dork, and i love it. 91. I would love to have my own fashion line. 92. I can be quite selfish. 93. I still act like a little kid. 94. Above all, I wish you liked me. 95. I love pictures. 96. I wish I was mo re motivated when it comes to school. 97. I love getting stuff in the mail. 98. I have problems letting go of people. 99. I hate the feeling of being alone.

Essay on Child Birth - 743 Words

Birth of a child can be such a happy time, especially when the little one is very healthy. We all have seen the movies when a new child is born, some of us are lucky to see it first hand. Some of us do get goose bumps, me being one of them. It is just so exciting to see that little life come out of what has been in that big belly for nine months. We sometimes refer to the birth of a child as labor. If only it was as easy as the name sounds. However, it is not. There are three main stages in birth. The first stage is the longest stage that can last 12 to 14 hours with the first birth, and later births are shorter. Dilation and effacement of the cervix take place here. That is when the uterine contractions gradually become more frequent and†¦show more content†¦Getting the most care that they can helps a lot. Even normal babies need the support and to grow a good relationship with their parents to last forever. Although babies spend most of their time sleeping and eating they still have transitions to different stages. For example, reflexes are the most common for people to recognize the organized patterns of behavior. Also, a crying baby is what everyone recognizes. However, it is somewhat good when the baby cries, because it stimulates strong discomfort that the adults can realize. Usually the baby just needs a diaper change or needs to be feed, but sometimes its more and it is the parents job to figure out why the baby is crying. The parents have to soothe them; they can do this by rocking, walking, swaddling, and talking softly. The baby also is developing their five senses, so it is important that the parents do not interfere with the development. For example, using screaming very loudly can ruin a babys hearing. Vision is the one that develops the least. Nerveless, newborns can recognize human faces and want the mothers familiar face instead of a stranger. The most widely used instrument for helping the behavior of the newborn infant is Brazeltons Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS). It has helped researchers understand newborns better. The babys arriving is one of the happiest times for a new parent, but can be very stressful. The parents do have different responsibilities; itShow MoreRelatedThe Birth Order Of A Child1579 Words   |  7 PagesIn the order of which you are born are so important in some families. In some cultures, the most important order to be in for a child was to be the oldest. Being the oldest, you could be first for the throne or first as a prince or princess. Different spots of birth order create certain differences between children belonging to this or that spot inside the family. These differences show why siblings are not alike. The term siblings are used to identify children who are brothers and sisters comingRead MoreThe Birth of an Unborn Child Essay1064 Words   |  5 Pagesget pregnant and are not able to support their child. There are two sides to the argument and the two groups are pr o-abortion and pro-life. Pro-life is against abortion, because they believe that it is going against the Church and God. Pro- Abortion is for abortion, because they believe that if the teenager or mother of the child cannot support the child it is only right to get an abortion. It is wrong to take the life of an unborn and defenseless child by the operation of getting an abortion. AbortionRead MoreBirth Order Effect On Child Development1070 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of Birth Order on a Child’s Development For decades, psychologists have argued the accuracy of the Birth Order Theory, the concept that the order in which children are born has lasting effects on their development. The Birth Order Theory was first introduced by a prominent psychologist named Alfred Alder who suggested that birth order has a lasting impression on one’s personality. The notion that birth order plays a role in one’s intellectual development dates back to 1874 when SirRead MoreThe Birth Of A Child Essay1716 Words   |  7 Pagesthat the goal is to eventually have children, whether the reason is from American culture, or an evolutionary drive to pass on their genes, it can be devastating to learn that they are not able to conceive a child naturally. When this is the case the couple may seek out another way to have a child, one of their options is In vitro fertilization, or IVF. IVF is the process of fertilizing an egg outside of the body and then implanting the egg in the uterus for the duratio n of the pregnancy. The processRead MoreThe Birth Of A Child2185 Words   |  9 PagesJennifer Freeman’s opinion After the birth of a child, it is the decision from the parents whether or not their child will be vaccinated. Jenn firmly believes that immunizations in children is a must. Being updated on shots is not only important for the children, it is for adults as well. A major immunization for adults that are around an infant is a booster, to aid in protection of the child contracting whooping cough. Without the adult being vaccinated they can easily spread any disease to an infantRead MoreThe Birth Of A Child1571 Words   |  7 Pages In June 1992, a mother found out that she was pregnant with a child that suffered from anencephaly. This is a condition that is a congenital malformation, in which major portions of the brain and skull are absent. Most infants with this condition receive comfort measures and no attempt is made to sustain their failing organs and expire within a few days. (Capron, 1994) . The mother was informed of this while she was six months pregnant. Once the diagnosis w as given, doctors highly recommended theRead MoreThe Problem Of Child Birth876 Words   |  4 Pageshas dropped in some countries, which shows people start not to regard child birth as a necessary step of life, but when women do get pregnancy we still pay much more attention to them. In the past I might focus more on the baby, focus on the way to make baby healthy, but after this lecture, read some articles and watched some information on TV, I start to concentrate more on the mother herself, because she is the one give birth to the baby, we should consider the well-being of herself. According toRead MoreThe Birth Of A Newborn Child965 Words   |  4 PagesTo see the birth of a newborn child is breathless. However, assisting on the soon to be a new mom through the birth of her newborn child is satisfaction. As stated in Labor and Delivery Nursing â€Å"Women really appreciate what we do for them during the birth of their children. They remember us. I ve had people come up to me y ears later in the grocery store or at community events and say. You were my labor nurse. Thank you† (Nursing) The appreciation is received and able to see the creation of a familyRead MoreEssay on Main Stages of Child Development from Birth to 19 Years5588 Words   |  23 PagesMain stages of child development from birth to 19 years 1. From birth to 19 years of age, children and young people tend to follow a broad developmental plan. Although children and young people are different, the way they grow and develop is often quite similar. This means we can work out a pattern for development and from this we can pinpoint particular skills or milestones that most children can do at different age ranges. Milestones describe when particular skills are achieved, such asRead MoreThe Birth Of A Child Essay781 Words   |  4 PagesHe looks over the papers on the clipboard. â€Å"So have you picked out a name for your little one?† â€Å"Alexie† â€Å"And how do you want to spell that?† â€Å"A-l-e-x-i-e† â€Å"Is the father here to sign the birth certificate? â€Å"No sir† â€Å"Well then Phoenix will send someone to collect that information when you get home† He hands me the clipboard and a pen â€Å"Sign the bottom line if everything is correct and just put it in the bin a t the end of your bed.† â€Å"Nurse Victor Cruz to front desk. Nurse Victor Cruz to the front desk

What You Must Know About Term Paper Easy Reviews

What You Must Know About Term Paper Easy Reviews The Hidden Truth on Term Paper Easy Reviews A term paper has an important part in the life span of college students. If you're out to increase your academic performance for a student, then test out an illustration of term paper for college that will impact you with additional knowledge and techniques on performing better on your very best topic for the term paper. When you intend to order your assignments online you would like to find the. There will not be any other possiblity to enhance the academic performance as it's the last assignment to pop up during the semester. Here's What I Know About Term Paper Easy Reviews You may understand how to compose a term paper, acquiring a concept of the outline, but deciding on a great topic might be challenging. Your very first year college might just be frustrating since you would anticipate, when however people adopt a very long time and find arranged and know your very first newspape r is most likely not ones greatest, you can discover that you are able to perform items quicker and learn a whole lot sooner. You're in the proper place because our professionals are highly qualified to assist you with essay of any sort. Factors of your choice may be different, but the simple truth is that you are likely to cheat the system and also pay for essay as opposed to composing it yourself. Otherwise, you can elect for samples above in addition to check our tips. If your paper will probably have lots of images, you can make individual folders to hold your images. In case you haven't any yet, then it is going to be better for you to hunt for any examples and samples of works to comprehend the way the work needs to be completed and formatted. It is fine to get inspired and to quote. however, it isn't okay to just steal others' materials. As a result, if you're a native speaker, you will get a native English writer also. Though a literature review can be utilized in a ll the various academic styles readily available, the most frequent is APA style. Our experienced academic writing experts will supply you with quality assured writing help for many of your term paper requirements. Should you need expert writing help, don't hesitate to visit EssayPro.com. Term Paper Easy Reviews at a Glance Academic papers need you to determine a specific angle to pursue in writing, which is going to be the basis of the paper. In the event you would like to amend the paper further, you're qualified for a free revision. When you get a term paper from us, you may rest assured that we'll carefully adhere to all the assignment instructions and supply you with a 100% error-free paper that will guarantee a great grade. Every academic and non-academic paper is simple for them. Nevertheless, however well you may write a term paper, you will fail if it's formatted wrong. A term paper isn't only about starting well. It is a specific type of a research paper that is typically assigned at the end of high-school education course. It is very important when it comes to your final mark. Whatever They Told You About Term Paper Easy Reviews Is Dead Wrong...And Here's Why A philosophical term paper is that in which you file a claim and you've got to justify your claim with literature review. The intention of the outline is to supply you with a blueprint' of the paper and straightforward reference when writing. You ought to make an outline. An outline helps present arguments coherently so that you know what things to write about on each step of the entire course of action. The Good, the Bad and Term Paper Easy Reviews Customer satisfaction is crucial. The reviews of our loyal customers will provide you the clue. Everyone would like to feel safe when using a service or an item. Once, you're done with the ordering process we'll send you the vital information. The Birth of Term Paper Easy Reviews Experienced term paper writers are affordable and they're able to help you acquire the information that you require for your topic. Term papers are some of the the most typical essay types you should take care of. They are generally intended to describe an event, a concept, or argue a point. Philosophy term papers are difficult to write. Term Paper Easy Reviews - the Story Term Paper is among the most significant writing tasks. Global english editing offers a great value dissertation editing services. Each has its distinct features, and that means you cannot format a paper in APA if it must be MLA. The Term Paper APA format is among them and also among the most regularly used ones. Term Paper Easy Reviews: the Ultimate Convenience! Writing a very first class quality research paper isn't a sheet of cake. Writing a good research p aper entails lots of things. Custom made content usually means the paper is written based on your wants and standards. Writing a paper will raise your competence in some specifically appreciable location. You won't be charge for virtually any reference list. Some literature reviews also have an abstract, here you won't need to do a great deal more than simply utilizing the vital quotes and citations, following the identical format of the remaining pages and that's it. A literature review APA is never simple to write, which means you should always do it with the appropriate mindset and adhering to the ideal formatting and general structure to make it seem good enough. It is crucial to bring a Reference list on the previous page.

Arithmetic Q Free Essays

Question 1: Consider the following graph G. [pic] 1. Give the adjacency matrix and adjacency list of the graph G. We will write a custom essay sample on Arithmetic Q or any similar topic only for you Order Now (5 marks) adjacency matrix: [pic] adjacency list: |a | | b | |c | | d | |e | |f | b d a c e b e f a e b c d f c e 2. Give the incidence matrix and incidence list of the graph G. (5 marks) [pic] incidence matrix [pic] incidence list |1 | | 2 | |3 | | 4 | |5 | |6 | a b a d b c b e c e c e |7 | 8 | d e e f Question 2: Consider the graph I. Starting at the vertex a and resolving ties by the vertex alphabetical order traverse the graph by breadth-first-search (BFS) and construct the corresponding BFS tree. (5 marks) [pic] The order is : a b e g f c d h II. Starting at the vertex a and resolving ties by the vertex alphabetical order traverse the graph by depth-first-search (DFS) and construct the corresponding BFS tree. (5 marks) [pic] The order is : a b f e g c d h Question 3: Consider the following graph G. The label of an edge is the cost of the edge. 1. Using Prim’s algorithm, draw a minimum spanning tree (MST) of the graph Also write down the change of the priority queue step by step and the order in which the vertices are selected. Is the MST drawn unique? (i. e. , is it the one and only MST for the graph? ) [7 marks] Not unique [pic] 2. Using Kruskal’s algorithm, draw a minimum spanning tree (MST) of the graph G. Write down the order in which the edges are selected. Is the MST drawn unique? (i. e. , is it the one and only MST for the graph? ) (5 marks) Not unique [pic] 3. Referring to the same graph above, find the shortest paths from the vertex a to all other vertices in the graph G using Dijkstra’s algorithm. Show the changes of the priority queue step by step and give the order in which edges are selected. (8 marks) [pic] Order in which edges are selected: a-e, e-f, a-b, f-g, b-c, g-h, c-d the shortest paths from the vertex a to all other vertices: a. b: 4 a. c: 10 a. d:17 a. e:1 a. f:3 a. g:8 a. h: 16 N. B. There may be more than one solution. You only need to give one of the solutions. How to cite Arithmetic Q, Papers

Who Provides the Better Approach to Human Behaviour, Freud or Skinner Essay Example

Who Provides the Better Approach to Human Behaviour, Freud or Skinner Paper Why do we behave the way we do? Is our environment responsible for shaping our personalities? Does childhood influence who we are? These are all questions that have intrigued philosophers and society in general for centuries. ‘There are many experts that share and dispute the answers to these questions, but there are two in particular that have contributed greatly in finding explanations’ (Crux, 2006); Sigmund Freud and Burrhus Frederick Skinner. This essay will compare Freud’s and Skinner’s approach towards human behaviour, highlighting the main ideas and focus of their theories and subsequently coming to an informative decision as to who provides the better approach. This is achieved by pinpointing criticisms that hinder their reasoning, practicality and efficiency. ‘Psychodynamic theories embrace all the diverse theories descended from the work of Sigmund Freud, which focuses on unconscious mental forces and asserts the idea that behaviour is caused by internal, mental mechanisms’ (Weiten, 2001, p. 488). Freud’s (1901, 1924, 1940) psychoanalytic theory grew out of his decades of interactions with his clients in psychoanalysis. Freud’s psychoanalytic approach seeks to explain behaviour, motivation and mental disorders by focusing on the influence of early childhood experiences, on unconscious motives and conflicts, and on the methods people use to cope with their sexual and aggressive urges (Weiten, 2001). Freud identified three components of personality structure: the id, the ego and the superego. He saw a person’s behaviour as the result of interactions between these three components. The id is the primitive, instinctive component of personality that operates according to the pleasure principle’ (Weiten, 2001, p. 488). The id is entirely centered on your needs and wants, and it drives you to fulfill those desires at whatever cost. The ego is the ‘decision making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle’ (Weite n, 2001, p. 488). It causes you to meet your needs and wants in a socially acceptable manner. In the long run, the ego wants to maximise pleasure, just as the id does. We will write a custom essay sample on Who Provides the Better Approach to Human Behaviour, Freud or Skinner specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Who Provides the Better Approach to Human Behaviour, Freud or Skinner specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Who Provides the Better Approach to Human Behaviour, Freud or Skinner specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer However, ‘the id engages in secondary process thinking, which is relatively rational, realistic and orientated towards problem solving’ (Weiten, 2001, p. 489). In addition, the ego establishes the division between yourself and others, and it identifies the need to negotiate within the world in order to satisfy your desires. The ego also acts as a link between the id and superego. ‘The superego is the moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong’ (Weiten, 2001, p. 489). Furthermore, according to Freud, unconscious conflicts between the id, ego and superego sometimes lead to anxiety. When this happens the ‘ego uses several defense mechanisms including: denial, repression, intellectualization, displacement, projection, reaction formation, identification, regression, rationalization and sublimation’ (Miller Shelly, 2001, p. 34). According to Freud, the id, ego and superego are distributed differently across three levels of awareness: the conscious, the preconscious and the unconscious. ‘Perhaps Freud’s most enduring insight was his recognition of how unconscious forces can influence behaviour. He inferred the existence of the unconscious from an array of observations that he made with his patients’ (Weiten, 2001, p. 89). For example, he recognized that ‘slips of the tongue’, or now more commonly known as the Freudian slip, often revealed a person’s true feelings. He also noticed that his patients’ dreams often expressed secret desires. ‘Most important, through psychoanalysis he often helped patients to discover feelings and conflicts of which they had previously been unaware’ (Weiten, 2001, p. 489). Therefore, put simply the unconscious mind contains thoughts, memories and desires that are not easily accessible but greatly influence our behaviour. The preconscious mind contains material just beneath the surface of awareness that can be easily retrieved’ (Weiten, 2001, p. 489). For example, what we ate for lunch yesterday, your telephone number, or the name of our first true love. Finally the conscious mind is that part of the mind that contains all the things we are aware of. For example, your conscious might be that you’re tired and hungry. According to Freud’s theory, ‘people must successfully pass through five stages of development in order to become healthy, well adjusted adults’ (Miller Shelly, 2001, p. 35). Each phase has an objective that must be accomplished successfully. If the goal is not reached, the person becomes ‘fixated at the uncompleted stage, which results in problems later in life’ (Miller Shelly, 2001, p. 34). The five stages are: oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital. The oral stage lasts from birth to eighteen months of age and is primarily based on eating, drinking and sucking. In Freud’s view, the ‘handling of the child’s feeding experiences is crucial to subsequent development’ (Weiten, 2001, p. 495). He attributed considerable importance to the manner in which the child is weaned from the breast or the bottle. In fact, according to Freud, fixation at the oral stage could form the basis for obsessive eating or smoking later in life (Benson, 1998). In the anal stage, the two year olds focus of pleasure shifts to the anus, helping the child become aware of its bowels and how to control them. The crucial event at this time is toilet training, which represents ‘society’s first systematic effort to regulate the child’s biological urges’ (Weiten, 2001, p. 495). However, over strictness about forcing the child to go to the toilet or about timing and cleanliness can cause personality problems, depending on how the child reacts. For example; over concern about going regularly may cause either obsessive time keeping. The phallic stage starts from about four years of age and is where the ‘genitals become the focus for the child’s erotic energy, largely through self stimulation’ (Weiten, 2001, p. 495). During this fundamental stage the Oedipus Complex emerges. That is little boys develop an erotically tinged preference for their mother. They also feel resentment towards their father, whom they view as a challenger for their mum’s affection. Similarly, little girls develop a special connection to their father. At the same time they learn that little boys have very different genitals, and supposedly they develop penis envy. The latency and genital stages last from around age six through puberty, where the child’s sexuality is greatly suppressed (Weiten, 2001, p. 495). The latency stage focuses on expanding social contacts beyond the immediate family. Subsequently, with puberty the child advances into the genital stage. Sexual drives re-emerge and the focus moves to the genitals once again. At this point, sexual energy is normally channeled towards peers of the other sex, rather than towards ourselves as in the phallic stage. Freud argued that future developments are rooted n early, formative experiences and that significant conflicts in later years are replays from crises from childhood. In fact, Freud believed that unconscious sexual conflicts rooted in childhood experiences cause most personality disturbances’ (Weiten, 2001, p. 495). ‘Behaviourism is a theoretical orie ntation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behaviour’ (Weiten, 2001, p. 499). Skinner made no provision for internal personality structures similar to Freud’s id, ego and superego because such structures can’t be bserved. Following in the tradition of Watson’s radical behaviourism, Skinner showed little interest in what goes on ‘inside’ people. He argued that it’s useless to speculate about private , unobservable cognitive processes. Instead, he believed that reinforcement is the primary factor that shapes behaviour, and that behaviour is based exclusively on external consequences. This means he focused on how the external environment moulds overt behaviour. ‘Skinner’s theory accounts for personality development by explaining how various response tendencies are acquired through learning’ (Weiten, 2001, p. 00). He built a ‘box’ in which he was able to teach anima ls to receive food by pecking or tapping a bar or light. He referred to this as operant conditioning. ‘Operant conditions are simply environmental stimuli that have reinforcing or adverse effects on the individual’s future behaviour in the presence of those stimuli’ (Stokes, pg 263). He believed that most human responses are shaped by this type of conditioning. Skinner’s theory asserts that ‘different types of reinforcement affect whether or not a particular behaviour will be repeated’ (Miller Shelly, 2001, p. 0). These different kinds include: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, extinction and punishment. Firstly, positive reinforcement is a ‘reward given for a particular response’ (Miller Shelly, 2001, p. 50), such as giving a chocolate to a child who completes their homework on time. By rewarding the desirable behaviour you increase the likelihood that the behaviour will be repeated. Secondly, negative reinforceme nt is an increase in behaviour by taking away a reinforcer (Miller Shelly, 2001). For example; if it’s cold, you would close the window. Thirdly, extinction is the theory that you stop providing reinforcement, and consequently the response will eventually disappear (Miller Shelly, 2001). For example; if you stop giving a child a chocolate when they complete their homework, the likelihood that they will continue to complete their homework will decrease. Lastly punishment is ‘inducing pain with the expectation that it will suppress a behaviour’ (Miller Shelly, 2001, p. 51). For example; if your impulsive decisions always backfire, your tendency to be impulsive will decline. Furthermore, Skinner found that the optimum period between response and reinforcement is about half a second. This discovery is very crucial, for example, if a parent wants to reward or punish a child, then to be effective it should be done straight away. According to Benson (1998, pg 79), ‘this also explains one reason why the penal system often doesn’t work. For instance, a burglar steals from a house, and three months later the police arrest him, and one year later he is convicted in court. ’ However, according to Skinner, this isn’t the only reason why punishment doesn’t always work. Skinner argues that punishment: ‘often causes the individual to avoid being punished, rather than stop the undesired behaviour; can cause the individual to associate the punishment with the punisher, rather than the behaviour; and trains an individual about what not to do, but it doesn’t train what to do’ (Benson, 1998, pg 80-81). Given that response tendencies are continuously being strengthened or weakened by new experiences, Skinner’s theory views ‘personality development as a continuous, lifelong journey’ (Weiten, 2001, p. 500). Unlike Freud, Skinner saw no reason to break down the developmental process into stages. Nor did he attribute special importance to early childhood experiences. In fact, Skinner believed that conditioning in humans works much the same as in rats and pigeons that he studied in his laboratory. Hence, he believed that conditioning strengthens and weakens response tendencies without the person’s conscious participation. Therefore, Skinner was able to explain consistencies in behaviour without being concerned about individual’s cognitive processes. Although it is generally argued that Skinner’s and Freud’s views were worlds about, Overskied’s article presents an alternative view. In fact, according to Overskeid (2007), Skinner’s ideas were evidently influenced by Freud, and they actually held many common views. Therefore, taking into account both Freud’s and Skinner’s approach to human behaviour, it can be argued that Skinner’s theory is more practical and efficient. Freud’s theory is criticized on several grounds including: poor testability, inadequate base of empirical evidence, and male centered views (Eysenck, 1990). Freud’s approach to human behaviour revolves around internal processes that are unobservable. Therefore people argue that they are unscientific, and consequently are only assumptions that cannot be taken seriously. Freud is also criticized because his ‘theories are made by generalizing from a small number of patients to the whole human population. Relying only on case studies can lead to faulty conclusions’ (SparkNotes, 2006). In addition, ‘others argue that most psychodynamic theories are not based on studies that follow people from childhood to adulthood. Instead, psychodynamic theorists listen to descriptions of an adult patient’s past and draw conclusions about the relevance of childhood experiences’ (SparkNotes, 2006). Furthermore, according to Van Wagner (2008), other criticisms of Freud’s theories consist of ‘overemphasis on: the unconscious mind, sex, aggression, and childhood experiences’. However, there is no denying that Freud’s ideas have been very influential on today’s society, fundamentally changing the way people think about themselves and others. Freud cured many patients or at least helped them understand and cope with their problems, and is methods are still used in Psychiatry today. In contrast, similarly to Freud, Skinner’s theory is relevant and widely employed today. It’s important in terms of how children are assimilated into society and how they deal with everyday life. His ideas have played an integral role in our schools, society’s standards of discipline and punishment and how we learn to fear certain things. Although he provides convincing evidence that biological factors exert considerable influence over personality, Skinner’s theory isn’t perfect and he also attracted criticisms. Firstly, because of ‘methodological problems with heritability ratios’ (Weiten, 2001, p. 13), and secondly because it offers ‘no systematic model of how physiology shapes personality’ (Weiten, 2001, p. 513). In addition, the theory is limited just by the fact that it is focused on behaviour, with little regard for what goes on in the mind. In conclusion, the different schools of psychology express various ideas on the reasons and drives for human behaviour. Freud argues that unconscious processes is central to human behaviour, whilst Skinner debates that the mind doesn’t exist, alternatively behaviour revolves around the environment. Although, Freudian psychology is composed of considerably different reasoning than Skinner’s behaviourism approach, they both provide interesting and engaging theories that have influenced psychology and philosophers in today’s society immensely. However, evidence is a crucial component when it comes down to evaluating the validity of a particular theory, especially in today’s society. Without proof, it is very hard to justify any sort of reasoning. Consequently, although Skinner attracts criticisms, he also provides significant evidence to support his ideas, and therefore presents a more convincing and credible approach to human ehaviour that that of Freud, who adopts very minimal evidence to support his theories. Reference list Benson, C. N. (1998). Introducing psychology. United Kingdom: Icon Books Limited. Crux, E. (2006). Behavioural development theories of Freud and Skinner. Retrieved 20th April 2008 from: http://www. echeat. com/essay. php? t=31292 Eysenck , H. J. (1990). Decline and fall of the Freudian Empire. Washington, DC: Scott-Townsend. Freud, S. (1901/1960). The psychopathology of everyday life. In J. Strachey (Ed. ), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud Vol (4 5). London: Hogarth. Freud, S. (1924). A general introduction to psychoanalysis. New York: Boni Liveright. Freud, S. (1940). An outline of psychoanalysis. International Journal of Psychoanalysis. Vol (22) London: Hogarth. Miller, R. A. , Shelly, S. (2000). The complete idiot’s guide to personality profiles. America: Alpha Books. Overskeid, G. (2007). Looking for Skinner and finding Freud. American Psychologist, Vol 62(6), p. 590-595. Retrieved April 14th 2008 from: http://web. ebscohost. com. ezproxy. uws. edu. au/ehost/pdf? vid=8hid=17sid=86bc6283-432a-4c62-98ea-6ba090dc69a3%40SRCSM2 SparkNotes. (2006). Personality. Retrieved 20th April 2008 from: http://www. sparknotes. com/psychology/psych101/personality/section2. rhtml Stokes, P. (2007). Philosophy: The great thinkers. London: Arcturus Publishing Limited. Thompson, M. (2001). Philosophy of Science. United Kingdom: Hodder Headline Limited. Van Wagner, K. (2005). Psychoanalysis: The psychodynamic approach. Retrieved 20th April 2008 from: http://psychology. about. com/od/historyofpsychology/a/psychodynamic. htm Weiten, W. (2001). Psychology: Themes and Variations. New York: Wadsworth.

advertising.

How sports teams utilize the internet for marketing/advertising. The Baltimore Blast website (www.baltimoreblast.com) provides a platform for the team to sell their product. In this case, soccer is the product and the fan base is the consumer. The website is an online advertising method to promote The Baltimore Blast soccer team and the Major Indoor Soccer League (MISL). The website enables fans to interact instantly with up to date information about MISL. Fans enjoy the convenience of shopping for tickets, schedule of games, available merchandise and events and promotions from their desktop.The website also enables fans to purchase their products from the internet. The website provides a private and secure method of payment and it hides account information from other vendors. With the website operating 24 hrs a day, 7 days a week fans can find great tickets to the game without the frustration of waiting in line or calling on the phone.All fans have access to in depth information about each team player.DSC_0004The roster gives each individual play er a profile providing the players personal information, career highlights, stats and picture. In addition, the website enables the fan to directly e-mail all Baltimore Blast players.If anyone wished to celebrate his or her birthday with the Baltimore Blast Team, you can do so by accessing the website. The website provides detail information on the cost of the birthday party what the birthday person receives and what the birthday package includes. Moreover, it gives you the address to where you would make the check payable.The website promotes marketing cooperation between competing teams. If you are interested in other MISL teams, the website offers a hyperlink to their official site.The content of the Baltimore Blast website is great. The website is useful and promotes the team.

SpeechNow.org v. Federal Election Commission

SpeechNow.org v. Federal Election Commission The well known and widely scorned court case Citizens United has been credited with paving the way for the creation of super PACs, the hybrid political groups  that are allowed to raise and spend unlimited amounts of money from corporations and unions  to influence American elections. But there would be no super PACs without a lesser known, companion court challenge to Federal Election Commission fundraising laws,  SpeechNow.org v. Federal Election Commission. The nonprofit political group, organized under Internal Revenue Service Section 527, is just as instrumental in the creation of super PACs as Citizens United.   Summary of SpeechNow.org v. FEC SpeechNow.org sued the FEC in February 2008 claiming the $5,000  federal limit  on how much individuals can give to a political committee such as its own, which therefore limited how much it could spend supporting candidates,  represented a violation of the Constitutions First Amendment guarantee to freedom of speech.   In May of 2010, the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia ruled in favor of SpeechNow.org, meaning the FEC could not longer enforce the contribution limits to independent groups.   Argument in Support of SpeechNow.org The Institute for Justice and the Center for Competitive Politics, which represented  SpeechNow.org, argued that the fundraising limits were a violation of free speech, but also that the FECs rules requiring it and similar groups to  organize, register, and report as a â€Å"political committee† in order to advocate for or against candidates was too burdensome. That means that while Bill Gates one his own could spend as much of his money as he wanted on political speech, he could contribute only $ 5,000 to a similar group effort.  But since the First Amendment guarantees individuals the right to speak without limit, it should be common sense that groups of individuals have the same rights.  It turns out that these limits and red tape made it virtually impossible for new independent citizen groups to raise start-up funding and effectively reach voters.   Argument Against SpeechNow.org The governments argument against SpeechNow.org was that allowing contributions of more than $5,000 from individuals  could â€Å"lead to preferential access for donors and undue influence over officeholders.† The government was taking the tack that its ruled are designed to prevent corruption. The court rejected that argument, though, in the wake of the January 2010 decision in Citizens United, writing:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Whatever the merits of those arguments before  Citizens United, they plainly have no merit after  Citizens United†¦.Contributions to groups that make only independent expenditures cannot corrupt or create the appearance of corruption.† Difference Between SpeechNow.org and Citizens United Cases Though the two cases are similar and deal with independent  expenditure-only committees, the SpeechNow court challenge focus on federal  fundraising caps. Citizen United successfully challenged the  spending limit on corporations,  unions, and  associations. In other words, SpeechNow focused on raising money and Citizens United focused on spending money to influence elections. Impact of  SpeechNow.org v. FEC The  U.S. District Court for the District of Columbias ruling the case, combined with the U.S. Supreme Courts decision in Citizens United, together paved the way for the creation of super PACs. Writes Lyle Denniston on SCOTUSblog: While the  Citizens United  decision dealt with the spending side of federal campaign finance, theSpeechNow  case was on the other side - raising funds. Thus, as a result of the two decisions put together, independent advocacy groups can raise as much and spend as much as they can and wish to do to support or oppose candidates for federal office.   What is SpeechNow.org? According to SCOTUSblog, SpeechNow was created specifically to spend money advocating for the election or defeat of federal political candidates. It was  founded  by  David Keating, who at the time headed the conservative, anti-tax  group  Club for Growth.

Employment At Will Doctrine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Employment At Will Doctrine - Essay Example Under Employment-at-Will doctrine, the employer has the free will of terminating an employee’s contract term or erasing the employment terms with or without substantial grounds to do so. This is always effective and applicable provided the employee does not belong to any rights movement. The employee lacks the requisite expertise to respond competently to her duties and responsibilities. The organization has tried its best in putting her through further training in order for her to gain enough skills to enable her to do her work yet she cannot perform in a way that fulfills her responsibility. As a manager, the most important decision that is in the best interest of the company is to relieve her of her duties since she has even failed to benefit from the support and training the company has given her. She has failed to comply with the competency of her position.The fact that she knows and understands her rights does not entitle her to be irresponsible to undertake her duties d uly and as required by the policies, rules, and regulations of the company. According to the employment rule and liability, an employee ought to be responsible for her actions and be responsible for the duties she has been assigned. It is important to outline that all employees are flexible to corrections of their mistakes as observed by the management and other employees. As a manager, under the employment-at-will doctrine, I have the responsibility to terminate her employment with or without any reasonable ground to do so.... Employment-at-Will doctrine, the employer has the free will of terminating an employee’s contract term or erasing the employment terms with or without substantial grounds to do so. This is always effective and applicable provided the employee does not belong to any rights movement. In this case, the employee lacks the requisite expertise to respond competently to her duties and responsibilities. The organization has tried its best in putting her through further training in order for her to gain enough skills to enable her to do her work yet she cannot perform in a way that fulfills her responsibility. As a manager the most important decision that is in the best interest of the company is to relieve her of her duties since she has even failed to benefit from the support and training the company has given her. She has failed to comply with the competency of her position and job capacity (Cihon, 2008). Case Two The fact that she knows and understands her rights does not entitle h er to be irresponsible to undertake her duties duly and as required by the policies, rules and regulations of the company. According to the employment rule and liability an employee ought to be responsible for her actions and be responsible for the duties she has been assigned. It is important to outline that all employees are flexible to corrections of their mistakes as observed by the management and other employees (Twomey, 2010). As a manager, under the employment-at-will doctrine I have the responsibility to terminate her employment or contract with or without any reasonable ground to do so. In this case, the employee appears defiant, and threatens the top management with her acknowledgement and awareness of her rights (Twomey, 2010). There is enough ground to prove that the employee has

Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Diversity - Essay Example There hardly seems to be any conflict or scuffle that is focused on racial or cultural paradigm. Indeed, the small skirmishes amongst the children are mostly focused on their games and older generation seems to enjoy their arguments while walking in the local park. Moreover, the gender and age distribution of observed people is also mixed. Most of the children in the park are in the age group of 3-12 years. I also find that there are a lot more people in the park who are above 50 years. Teenagers and young adults do not seem to frequent the local parks! Interestingly, the streets have more young adults and office goers and the same is true for the central market and local transport. May be there are slightly more boys than girls but the overall gender distribution within the population observed is almost same. The group formation within the mainstream population is also highlighted by diversity where whites mix with the ethnic population. It is fun to study the varying models of interaction amongst the people coming from diverse background. While the children and teenagers seem to be least bothered about their laughter, the aging white population is more reserved than their ethnic counterpart who seems to be enjoying life. They are full of life and seem to be living in the present than bogged down with the worries of tomorrow. In such a multicultural environment, I as a Mexican, have not been burdened by any cultural constraints to feel alienated. I have been accepted easily within the group and treated as friend. Surprisingly, the heterogeneous social groups behave homogenously! Indeed, had I not be studying diversity, I would not have noticed these small things which have become part of contemporary society. Furthermore, I realize that we have more cross cultural understanding and thereby are less surprised of new customs or feel awkward in group where people are coming from different culture,

Is a Metatheoretical Psychologist a ‘Cowboy Builder’?

Is a Metatheoretical Psychologist a ‘Cowboy Builder’? Abstract Personally, I feel that Metatheoretical psychologist are not a â€Å"cowboy builder†, as I uses the progression of behaviourism as an example and further elaborated how the approach leads to the discoveries and progression of the theories, using explanation of russian physiologist known as Ivan Pavlov, followed by American Psychologist called John B. Watson and Edward Thorndike, and lastly, another fellow American Psychologist, B.F. Skinner. Ivan Pavlov, who started the earliest toward the study of behaviourism, he discovered classical conditioning which demostrated how behaviours can be learned via through classical associations. John B. Watson, who further defined behaviourism through â€Å"little albert† experiment and lastly, B.F. Skinner, who further explains behaviourism using his concept of operant conditioning, illustrating behaviour through punishment and reinforcement. These three examples have rejected the idea that of a ‘cowboy builder’ as these experimentalist using each and individual experiment to reinforce and further build up understanding of behaviourism and its importance and definition. Is a Metatheoretical Psychologist just a ‘Cowboy Builder’? Psychology is not simply definable, and be even characterised easily. Even till today if one were to define or characterised, it will end up render the effort indequately the very next day. Psychology is what the philsopher and the scientists of various persuasion have come out with to try fulfilling the needs towards understanding of humans’ mind and behaviour from the most primitive to complex level (Reber, Allen, Reber, 2009). From a philosophical point of view, The term ‘psychology’ took its to another level of problems concerning the mind, will and knowledge, where it has been defined as the ‘science of mind’ ,’the science of mental life’, these definitions reflected the prejudices of the definer more than the actual nature of field (Reber et al., 2009). Metatheory, in this case defined by Reber et al. (2009), a term which used to cover the theoretical discussions about the construction of scientific theories, hence, the role of a metatheoretical psychologist is to perform metatheoretical research, which includes sorting of theories, analysing of literatures, they played an important role in search of a set of interlocking principles in which are acceptable or not for the theories (Rozeboom, 2005; Wallis, 2010). An experimentalist stated that metatheoretical are like ‘cowboy builders’ where they are able to identify and breakdown mistakes and problems of works done by others, but they are not able to give opinions to help strength that particular approach in psychology. However, I disagree what the experimentalist mentioned, as I believe that metatheoretical psychologist, no doubt , they are the ones who are capable of developing and combining of theories, and looking at aspects of applying and analysing of the theorems to unveil the underlying assumptions about theory and the process of theorizing with reinforcement of empirical evidences (Wallis, 2010). Hence, the aim of this essay is to furthe r elaborate my points of in which that metatheoretical psychologists is not a ‘cowboy builder’, using a psychological approach in which leads to a numbers of theories which is able to support my views towards this statement. To strongly prove my point on metatheoretical psychologists not being a ‘cowboy builders’, I would like to start off with first example right before the birth of behaviourism. It is understandable that in 1913, John B. Watson pioneered new psychology approach known as ‘Behaviourism’ (Watson J. B., 1994). where Behaviourism is defined as a natural science that takes the whole field of human adjustments as its own. It is the business of behavioristics psychology to predict and control human activity.Behavioristics psychology has as its goal to be able, given the stimulus, to predict the response or, seeing the reaction. (Watson Kimble, 1997). However, this discovery and understanding of behaviourism would not have happen without work of an American psychologist, Edward Thorndike. Thorndike shows how behaviours could be modified by its consequences by doing an experimental work on hungry domestic animals, as they were placed individually in the puzzle boxes, a nd if the animal exhibit any escaping behaviours to the door of the puzzle box, it would then be opened allowed the animal to gain freedom. This experiment allow Thorndike to conclude that while the animal exploring the box, the animal exhibited the first instance of an appropriate behaviour unit by chance and that, across trials, escape latencies would decrease systematically as it is able to learned that pressing the latch will allow it to escape. (Gewirtz, 2001). Therefore through this experiment, he looks at the connection of stimulus and response in the experiment, which eventually created a concept of the law of effect, which he explained that greater the satisfaction, the greater the strengthening, and the greater the dissatisfaction, the greater the weakening, of the bond (Gewirtz, 2001).This work of Thorndike allowed a Russian Physiologist, Ivan Pavlov, to continue his work on physiology of digestion (Gewirtz, 2001; Clark, 2004). Pavlov, who have won the Nobel Prize in 1904 , credited Thorndike for being the first researcher to show accurate approach to the immense task of objective research on animal learning (Gewirtz, 2001). He did an experiment in his chamber which the dog is presented with the food, at the same time, saliva is collected through a tube implanted into the salivary gland of the dog, enabling him to study the saliva’s role in digestive process, which his prediction is that the dog salivate when food is placed in the mouth which is a discovery he deemed that its importance in the study of digestion, known as salivary reflex (Windholz, 1997). Overtime, this lead to him realising that the even right before the food comes, the dog will salivate in the presence of the food attendant and the sound of the door (Windholz, 1997). He carried on with the experiment by pairing the bell and the food, and after several tries, he successfully uses the bell alone to create a salivary response from the dog. This discovery can be explained in whi ch the bell, a neutral stimulus which trigger no natural response in the dog (salivation) is paired with food which is the unconditional response. This pairing causes the response to the unconditioned stimulus (food), the unconditioned response (salivation), to transfer to the neutral stimulus (bell). Hence, in order for response to occur again, only the bell is need, food may no longer have its importance. Pavlov realised that the response is a learned but unnatural, hence it is a conditioned response and neutral stimulus will transformed into conditioned stimulus. The bell tone in Pavlovs experiment is the neutral stimulus which is paired the unconditioned stimulus of food. The unconditioned response of salivation became a conditioned response to the newly conditioned stimulus of the tone (Beecroft, 1966; Windholz, 1997; Bitterman, 2006). This phenomone is known as classical conditioning. As we can see this is one of few classic examples which demolish the experimentalist view on psychologists, this research has just show us not only it is a psychological endeavour but it also influence a lot of students known as the pavlovians-graduate students to continue this study of salivary reflex conditioning. (Windholz, 1997). Ivan Pavlov is able to conduct and build up an experiment, and bringing it up to the next level, not only looking at the digestion process which is a physiological, but at the same time, discovered a psychological aspect which is the salivary reflex and subsequently build up to theory of classical conditioning. The progression of Ivan Pavlov’s experiment was done by an American psychologist known as John B Watson where he further elaborated and adopted Ivan Pavlov’s work and claims that classical conditioning in animals is important as it is able to explain all human aspect of psychology (Watson J. B., 1994; Rilling, 2000). Watson uses the measurement and analytical techniques of Pavlov’s experiment and applied them to the humans in terms of adaptive forms of behaviour, so he and his assistant (Moore, 2011), an experiment known as â€Å"little Albert†, he simply transfer the same concept of Pavlov’s work, while Pavlov conduct his experiment using food and animal, Watson uses a baby known as little albert, and inflict of fear to it in order to demonstrate classical conditioning in humans (Watson Rayner , Conditioned emotional reactions, 1920). Using white rat as Neutral Stimulus, before the start of the experimental trials, the rat is shown to little Alber t, but little Albert does not show concern about the rats. Watson’s aim for this experiment is inflict an anxiety response to little albert using the rat. So the Unconditioned Stimulus in the experiment is the used of an iron bar and a hammer to create a loud noise just behind little Albert, which he find annoyed about (Watson Rayner , Conditioned emotional reactions, 1920). During the experiment, the noise is created as the rat is presented to Albert. After subsequent experiments, without the noise when the rat was presented, Albert would started crying. This produced a conditioned reflex similar to Pavlov’s dog able to associate a neutral stimulus with Unconditioned Stimulus (Rilling, 2000). Further experiments on Albert, has shown that rats are not only the one that give Albert the similar response, it also start to generalised to other while furry objects which look similar to the white rats (Watson Rayner , Conditioned emotional reactions, 1920). This example of the â€Å"little Albert† experiment, shows that how behaviourist like Watson, able to work on and progress through using Pavlov’s physiological theory of salivary reflex and extract the psychological elements, which is the theory of classical conditioning in an animal, and show that even humans can learn through conditioning, and initiated the study of behaviourism (Moore, 2011). Therefore, as what we can see above that Watson improvised Pavlov’s experiment, which he applied to the humans and which he end up discover a higher order of condition, where generalization took place in the little Albert experiment, this second example shows that how the rise of the behaviourism were strengthen by theory like classical conditioning, which build up to another level, where the use of different test subject will lead to a different and new outcome of understand of behaviourism, which I feel that Watson in his experiment has shown us simply that they isn’t a cowboy builder who simply just agreed upon thing without doing their research. However, Rilling (2000) stated that Watson rejected Thorndike’s law of effect in the midst of working on classical conditioning theory, he felt sceptical about Thorndike’s assumption and explanation of the trial and error learning where Thorndike stated that successful act is pleasant and unsuccessful act is unpleasant (Watson ,1914; Rilling, 2000) and so the Thorndike’s experiment inspired Watson, he conducted an empirical test for the study of learning in animal, simply to test Thorndike’s law of effect. The purpose is to prove that if Thorndike is correct about his theory then pleasure from immediate reward would be greater than dissatisfaction from delayed reward. The experiment was conducted with rats and sawdust boxes, and Watson (1916a) compared the learning curves for one group of rats getting the immediate reward and the other with delayed rewards. The result is puzzling as two group of learning curves were nearly similar (Rilling, 2000) which thi s data cause classic behaviourist to be sceptical about Thorndike’s law of effect. The attack on Thorndike by Watson seems to be rhetoric. Never the less, it does not mean that one rejected all have to reject it, as Moore (2011) stated that Watson’s behaviourism proved inadequate and many of the researchers took another approach which analysed by B.F. Skinner (Moore, 2011). Skinner proved his own definition by studying on Thorndike’s law of effect which provided him the basis of operant learning theory (Schwartz Lacey, 1982). He conducted an experiment which resemble Thorndike’s puzzle box and an input of a lever, which he want to find out how the rats learned to press the lever. The difference between the two experiment done, is based on the determiner on frequency of the experiment, which Thorndike is based on the experimenter and Skinner is based on the rats themselves (Iversen, 1992). Each time, the rats press the lever, the food will immediately be released. This resulted in the learning of the rat to press the lever to receive rewards. However, when Skinner replaced the food with shocks, the frequency of the lever being depressed leads to an immediate stop of the action due to punishing consequences (Iversen, 1992). He concluded from the result that the behaviour influenced by the law of effect is known as operant conditioning due to the behavioural change or operated of the organism on the environment. In the experiment, there is no environmental stimuli that create a response from an organism as compared to organism in classical conditioning experiment done by Pavlov. Mischel (1993) stated that skinner also concluded that Operant conditioning consists of two important key components, the operant and the consequence. If the consequence is a positive reinforcement, then the likelihood of another similar response is more as compare to if the consequence is punishment. Similar results were produced by accidental when the pellet dispenser had jammed, it stops the positive reinforcement of food altogether in a process called extinction, this situation was noticed when the r at continue pressing the lever even though no food were received, at the start the behaviour becomes rapid than usual, then slowly the frequency worn off but the operant conditioned response decreased at a much slower rate than when punishment was used (Iversen, 1992). Similarly, operant conditioning like this also appear in child, when either rewarding or punishing with disciplinary actions. This kind of operant conditioning occurs in the rewarding or punishing discipline action taken towards a child (Schwartz Lacey, 1982). As we can see from all of these example above, how behaviourism can lead to two theories of learning, as Watson hypothesized that â€Å"behavioristics psychology has as its goal to be able, given the stimulus, to predict the response or, seeing the reaction take place to state what the stimulus is that has called out the reaction† (Iversen, 1992), However this stimulus–response psychology was soon to be overthrown by Skinners work (Iversen, 1992). Even though he called his lever pressing action as an investigatory reflex and referred it to eliciting stimuli which is measured due to the influences of the work of Pavlov’s and Watson’s (Iversen, 1992). In the later part of his research, Skinner later moved away from the Stimuli and response tradition as he discovered operant conditioning with the aid of Edward Thorndike, and commented that the result that happen immediately after the response is more important than incident happen right before, and the extinction that he accidentally found out indicated that there is no role in eliciting stimuli for that behaviour to happen. Lastly, the final form of the conditioned response is deem as the most important as it did not even exist prior to the conditioning, therefore no elicitation is involved. This successful method of shaping help in generating behaviours that have not been seen previously in range of behaviours in the experimental subject. Which Iversen (1992) sta ted that skinner’s work in the early stage completely contradict Watsons â€Å"no stimulus, no response† rule. So all in all. We can see that the build-up progression of behaviourism and the two learning theories, are not of a style of a cowboy builder. Instead the build ups of the theories, not only involves criticism of theories, to improve another, for example, Watson rejected Thorndike’s law of effect, place more work in Pavlov theory, to improve the theory of classical conditioning through empirical evidence, and also involves influences of theories, just like how skinner inspired by Thorndike’s law of effect, created similar experiment, and initially followed Pavlov and Watson’s work, and realised issues and rejected it to form its own learning theory, operate learning theory. These examples resulted that and prove to these experimentalist that once again, Metatheoretical psychologist are not a â€Å"cowboy builder†. References Bitterman, M. E. (2006). Classical Conditioning Since Pavlov. Review of General Psychology, Issue: Volume 10(4), p 365–376. Clark, R. E. (2004). The classical origins of Pavlovs conditioning. The Official Journal Of The Pavlovian Society, 39(4), 279-294. Gang, J. (2011). Behaviorism and the Beginnings of Close Reading. The Johns Hopkins University Press, ELH 78(1), 1-25. Gewirtz, J. L. (2001). J. B. Watsons Approach to Learning: Why Pavlov? Why Not Thorndike? Behavioral Development Bulletin, Issue: Volume 10(1), p 23–25. Henriques, G. R. (2004). Psychology Defined. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Vol. 60(12), 1207–1221. Iversen, I. H. (1992). Skinners Early Research: From Reflexology to Operant Conditioning. American Psychologist, Issue: Volume 47(11), p 1318–1328. Moore, J. (2011). BEHAVIORISM. The Psychological Record, 449-463. Reber, A. S., Allen, R., Reber, E. S. (2009). The Penguin Dictionary of Psychology: Fourth Edition. New York: Penguin. Rilling, M. (2000). How the Challenge of Explaining Learning Influenced the Origins and Development of John B. Watsons Behaviorism. The American Journal of Psychology, Vol. 113, No. 2, pp. 275-301. Rozeboom, W. W. (2005). Meehl on metatheory. Journal of Clinical Psychology, Volume 61, Issue 10, pages 1317–1354. Schwartz, B., Lacey, H. (1982). Behaviorism, science, and human nature. New York: Norton. Wallis, S. E. (2010). Toward a Science of Metatheory. INTEGRAL REVIEW, Vol. 6, No. 3. Watson, J. B. (1914). Behavior: An introduction to comparative psychology. New York: Holt. Watson, J. B. (1916a). The place of the conditoned reflex in psychology. Psychological Review, 23, 89-108. Watson, J. B. (1994). Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It. American Psychological Association, Issue: Volume 101(2), p 248–253. Watson, J. B., Kimble, G. A. (1997). John B. Watsons Behaviorism: A Retrospective Review. American Psychological Association, Volume 42(1), p 23–28. Watson, J. B., Rayner , R. (1920). Conditioned emotional reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 3, 1–14. Windholz, G. (1997). Ivan P. Pavlov: An Overview of His Life and Psychological Work. American Psychological Association, Issue: Volume 52(9), p 941–946.

Bite Me: A Love Story Chapter 9

9. Tenderloin If you're looking for a great taco in San Francisco, you go to the Mission district. If you want a plate of pasta, you go to North Beach. Need some dim sum, powdered shark vagina, or ginseng root? Chinatown is your man. Hankering for stupidly expensive shoes? Union Square. Want to enjoy a mojito with an attractive, young professional crowd, well you'll want to head for the Marina or the SOMA. But if you're looking for some crack, a one-legged whore, or a guy sleeping in a puddle of his own urine, you can't beat the Tenderloin, which was where Rivera and Cavuto were investigating the report of a missing person. Well-persons. â€Å"The theater district seems somewhat deserted today,† said Cavuto as he pulled the unmarked Ford into a red zone in front of the Sacred Heart Mission. The Tenderloin was, in fact, also the theater district, which was convenient if you wanted to see a first-rate show in addition to drinking a bottle of Thunderbird and being stabbed repeatedly. â€Å"They're all at their country homes in Sonoma, you think?† Rivera said, with a sense of doom rising inside him like nausea. Normally at this time of the morning, the Tenderloin sidewalks ran with grimy rivers of homeless guys looking for their first drink of the day or a place to sleep. Down here you did most of your sleeping during the day. Night was too dangerous. There should have been a line around the block at Sacred Heart, people waiting for the free breakfast, but the line barely reached out the door. As they walked into the Mission, Cavuto said, â€Å"You know, this might be the perfect time for you to get one of those one-legged whores. You know, with demand down, you could probably get a freebie, being a cop and all.† Rivera stopped, turned, and looked at his partner. A dozen raggedy men in the line looked, too, as Cavuto was blocking the light in the doorway like a great, rumpled eclipse. â€Å"I will bring the little Goth girl to your house and film it when she makes you cry.† Cavuto slumped. â€Å"Sorry. It's all kind of getting to me. Teasing is the only way I know to take my mind off of it.† Rivera understood. For twenty-five years he'd been an honest cop. Had never taken a dime in bribes, never used unnecessary force, had never given special favors to powerful people, which is why he was still an inspector, but then the redhead happened, and her v-word condition, and the old one and his yacht full of money, and it wasn't like they could tell anyone anyway. The two hundred thousand that he and Cavuto had taken wasn't really a bribe, it was, well, it was compensation for mental duress. It was stressful carrying a secret that you could not only not tell, but that no one would believe if you did. â€Å"Hey, you know why there's so many one-legged whores in the Tenderloin?† asked one guy who was wearing a down sleeping bag like a cape. Rivera and Cavuto turned toward the hope of comic relief like flowers to the sun. â€Å"Fuggin' cannibals,† said the sleeping bag guy. Not funny at all. The cops trod on. â€Å"If you only knew,† said Rivera over his shoulder. â€Å"Hey, where is everybody?† asked a woman in a dirty orange parka. â€Å"You fuckers doing one of your round-ups?† â€Å"Not us,† said Cavuto. They moved past the cafeteria line and a sharp young Hispanic man in a priest's collar caught their eyes over the heads of the diners and motioned for them to come around the steam tables to the back. Father Jaime. They'd met before. There were a lot of murders in the Tenderloin, and only a few sane people who knew the flow of the neighborhood. â€Å"This way,† said Father Jaime. He led them through a prep kitchen and dish room into a cold concrete hallway that led to their shower room. The father extended a set of keys that were tethered to his belt on a cable and opened a vented green door. â€Å"They started bringing it in a week ago, but this morning there must have been fifty people turning stuff in. They're freaked.† Father Jaime flipped on a light and stood aside. Rivera and Cavuto entered a room painted sunny yellow and lined with battleship gray metal shelves. There was clothing piled on every horizontal surface, all covered, in varying degrees, with a greasy gray dust. Rivera picked up a quilted nylon jacket that was partially shredded and spattered with blood. â€Å"I know that jacket, Inspector. Guy who owns it is named Warren. Fought in Nam.† Rivera turned it in the air, trying not to cringe when he saw the pattern of the rips in the cloth. Father Jaime said, â€Å"I see these guys every day, and they're always wearing the same thing. It's not like they have a closet full of clothes to choose from. If that jacket is here, then Warren is running around in the cold, or something happened to him.† â€Å"And you haven't seen him?† asked Cavuto. â€Å"No one has. And I could tell you stories for most of the rest of these clothes, too. And the fact that clothing is even being turned in means that there's lot of it out there. Street people don't have a lot, but they won't take what they can't carry. That means that this is just what people couldn't carry. Everyone in that dining room is looking for a friend he's lost.† Rivera put down the jacket and picked up a pair of work pants, not shredded, but covered in the dust and spattered with blood. â€Å"You said that you can link these clothes to people you know?† â€Å"Yes, that's what I told the uniformed cop first thing this morning. I know these people, Alphonse, and they're gone.† Rivera smiled to himself at the priest using his first name. Father Jaime was twenty years Rivera's junior, but he still spoke to him like he was a kid sometimes. Being called â€Å"Father† all the time goes to their head. â€Å"Other than being homeless, did these people have anything in common? What I mean is, were they sick?† â€Å"Sick? Everyone on the street has something.† â€Å"I mean terminal. That you know of, were they very sick? Cancer? The virus?† When the old vampire had been taking victims, it turned out that nearly every one of them had been terminally ill and would have died soon anyway. â€Å"No. There's no connection other than they were all on the street and they're all gone.† Cavuto grimaced and turned away. He started riffling through the clothing, tossing it around as if looking for a lost sock. â€Å"Look, Father, can you make us a list of the people these clothes belong to. And add anything you can remember about them. Then I can start looking for them in the hospitals and jail.† â€Å"I only know street names.† â€Å"That's okay. Do your best. Anything you can remember.† Rivera handed him a card. â€Å"Call me directly if anything else comes up, would you? Unless there's something in progress, calling the uniforms will just put unnecessary steps in the investigation.† â€Å"Sure, sure,† said Father Jaime, pocketing the card. â€Å"What do you think is going on?† Rivera looked at his partner, who didn't look up from a dusty pair of shoes he was examining. â€Å"I'm sure there's some explanation. I don't know of any citywide relocation of the homeless, but it's happened before. They don't always tell us.† Father Jaime looked at Rivera with those priest's eyes, those guilt-shooting eyes that Rivera always imagined were on the other side of the confessional. â€Å"Inspector, we serve four to five hundred breakfasts a day here.† â€Å"I know, Father. You do great work.† â€Å"We served a hundred and ten today. That's it. Those in line now will be it for today.† â€Å"We'll do our best, Father.† They moved back through the dining room without looking anyone in the eye. Back in the car, Cavuto said, â€Å"Those clothes were shredded by claws.† â€Å"I know.† â€Å"They're not just hunting the sick.† â€Å"No,† Rivera said. â€Å"They're taking anyone on the street. I'm guessing anyone who gets caught out alone.† â€Å"Some of those people in the cafeteria saw something. I could tell. We should come back and talk to some of them when the priest and his volunteers aren't around.† â€Å"No need, really, is there?† Rivera was scratching out numbers on his notepad. â€Å"They'll talk to the paper,† Cavuto said, pulling in behind a cable car on Powell Street, then sighing and resolving himself to move at nineteenth-century speed for a few blocks as they made their way up Nob Hill. â€Å"Well, first it will be covered as amusing stuff that crazy street people say, then someone is going to notice the bloody clothes and it's all going to come out.† Rivera added another figure, then scribbled something with a flourish. â€Å"It doesn't have to come back to us,† Cavuto said hopefully. â€Å"I mean, it's not really our fault.† â€Å"Doesn't matter if we get blamed,† said Rivera. â€Å"It's our responsibility.† â€Å"So what are you saying?† â€Å"I'm saying that we're going to be defending the City against a horde of vampire cats.† â€Å"Now that you said it, it's real.† Cavuto was whining a little. I'm going to call that Wong kid and see if he has my UV jacket done.† â€Å"Just like that?† â€Å"Yeah,† Rivera said. â€Å"If you go by Father Jaime's example, they've eaten about three-quarters of the Tenderloin's homeless in, let's call it a week. If you figure maybe three thousand street people in the City, you're talking about twenty-two hundred dead already. Someone's going to notice.† â€Å"That's what you were calculating?† â€Å"No, I was trying to figure out if we had enough money to open the bookstore.† That had been the plan. Early retirement, then sell rare books out of a quaint little shop on Russian Hill. Learn to golf. â€Å"We don't,† Rivera said. He started to dial Foo Dog when his phone chirped, a sound it hadn't made before. â€Å"The fuck was that?† asked Cavuto. â€Å"Text message,† said Rivera. â€Å"You know how to text?† â€Å"No. We're going to Chinatown.† â€Å"A little early for eggrolls, isn't it?† â€Å"The message is from Troy Lee.† â€Å"The Chinese kid from the Safeway crew? I don't want to deal with those guys.† â€Å"It's one word.† â€Å"Don't tell me.† â€Å"CATS.† â€Å"Did I not ask you not to tell me?† â€Å"The basketball court off Washington,† Rivera said. â€Å"Have that Wong kid make me one of those sunlight jackets. Fifty long.† â€Å"You get that many lights on you they'll have you flying over stadiums playing Goodyear ads on your sides.†

Analysis of the Civil Rights March of 1963 - 988 Words

Document Analysis, of the Civil Rights March of 1963 Commencing in the late 19th century, state level governments approved segregation acts, identified as the Jim Crow laws, and assigned limitations on voting requirements that caused the African American population economically and diplomatically helpless (Davis, n.d.). The civil rights movement commenced, intensely and assertively, in the early 1940s when the societal composition of black America took an increasingly urban, popular appeal (Korstad Lichtenstein, 1988). The 1950s and 1960s was well known for racial conflicts and civil rights protests. The civil rights movement in the United States during the late 1950s and 1960s was based on political and social strives to achieve†¦show more content†¦It was a speech of hope and strength, and it exemplified the idea the protesters declared of racial unity and a belief that blacks and whites could possibly exist mutually in peace (Hansan, n.d.). As stated by, Kensworthy (196 3), the crowd at the demonstration, acknowledging that Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was concluding his speech, hollered once again and waved their signs and banners. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. conclude saying, We will not wait for the President, the Justice Department, nor the Congress, but we will take matters into our own hands and create a source of power, outside of any national structure, that could and would assure us a victory† (Kensworthy, 1963, p.16). According to Kensworthy (1963), The March leaders walked from the Lincoln Memorial to the White House who met and spoke with President Kennedy for over an hour. Afterwards, President Kennedy broadcasted a speech praising the marchers for the deep fervor and the quiet dignity that had depicted the protest (Kensworthy, 1963, p.1). At the end of the ceremonies of the march at the Lincoln Memorial, a pledge was said, reciting the pledge the crowd swore to complete personal commitment to the struggle for jobs and freedom for Americans and to carry the message of the march to my friends and neighbors back home and arouse them to an equal commitment and an equal effort† (Kensworthy 1963, p.16). Stein Axinn (2012) wroteShow MoreRelatedNonviolent Protests: An argumentative essay1411 Words   |  6 Pagesof 1773, the Civil Rights Movement and the Pro-Life Movement of the 1960s, to the Tea Party Movement and Occupy Wall Street Movement of current times, â€Å"those struggling against unjust laws have engaged in acts of deliberate, open disobedience to government power to uphold higher principles regarding human rights and social justice† (DeForrest, 1998, p. 653) through nonviolent protests. Perhaps the most well-known of the non-violent protests are those associated with the Civil Rights movement. TheRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement in the 1960’s Essay1269 Words   |  6 Pagesmade. This was about the same time that civil rights came into the political scene. Throughout the South, Blacks were still in the majority, but had no political power what so ever. The Civil Rights Movement gave African Americans a voice and a chance to make a difference. The 1 960s helped open up hope and expectations for Black Americans. One of the most prominent men of his time, Martin Luther King Jr. was known as ?A national hero and a civil rights figure of growing importance? (DiscoveringRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King Jr. And Congressman John Lewis Essay1596 Words   |  7 PagesLuther King, Jr. and Congressman John Lewis are arguably two of the most important men in the Civil Rights Movement. Both of these men, Dr. Martin Luther King, in context of his involvement with the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and John Lewis, in context of his involvement with the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, left indelible impacts on the trajectory and success of the civil rights movement writ-large. While it is important to recognize the collective achievement of each ofRead MoreThe Is A Humanitarian Catastrophe1276 Words   |  6 Pagessight, massive loss of life is becoming a universal issue. Inspired by the Arab Spring, revolution was on the horizon in Syria. Fed up with the government control, rebels have rallied against the government. In nearly five years of armed conflict the civil war in Syria has claimed nearly 470,000 lives: 400,000 through direct violence and an additional 70,000 as an indirect result of the war. A governmental regime which uses terrorists tactics is one that should be looked at as a threat. The presidentRead MoreEssay on The Kings Dream1588 Words   |  7 PagesThe Civil Rights Movement in the 1950’s through 1960’s had many leaders, such as Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, Malcom X and many more. But King was the only one who stood out of the pack. His purpose was to have equality for all races, not just African Americans. King had addressed a speech that he had written and spoke of it at the Lincoln memorial in Washington D.C on August 28, 1963. In King’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† he motivated and touched not only Af rican Americans but white folks as well inRead MoreKey Women s Issues Of Hr1501 Words   |  7 Pagesacceptable that women are making 78 cents an hour compared to men,† said democratic candidate Bernie Sanders in a speech to the National Press Club in March of this year. 52 years after the Equal Pay Act was passed, working women in the United States still face a gender pay gap no matter what career they are in and while we have made progress since 1963, recently any improvement on the wage disparity has remained stagnant. Woman have historically been treated unequally to men despite their non-majorityRead MoreEvaluation Model Essay1165 Words   |  5 PagesProfessor: Lois Fegan Evaluation Model Essay In this essay, I will select an evaluation model that I believe is most applicability and relevance to criminal justice policy today. I will also summarize the model that I have chosen and provided analysis and explanation for my choice. The two models of the criminal justice system are created by a professor named Herbert L. Packer in 1964 at Sanford University, and these two models are Crime Control Model and the Due Process Model. To understandRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Martin Luther King s Speech1460 Words   |  6 PagesAs we have been discussing, rhetorical analysis asks us to look not only at what a text says, or the meaning of the text, but also at how that meaning is created in the text. For this assignment, I want to challenge you to not just analyze the â€Å"ethos, pathos, and logos† of a text, but to delve deeply into how the text moves us to identify with its message, and to think, feel, or act in a specific way. One of the reason why this text became the most popular text of our century. First of the speakerRead MoreEeo Research Paper1158 Words   |  5 Pagesopportunity (EEO) is the concept that all individuals should have equal treatment in all employment-related actions. Several basic EEO concepts have been applied as a result of court decisions, laws, and regulatory actions. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was the first federal law designed to protect most U.S. employees from employment discrimination based upon the employee’s (or applicant’s race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. (Public Law 88-352, July 2, 1964, 78 Stat. 253Read MoreBayard Rustin And The Civil Rights Movement1338 Words   |  6 PagesBayard Rustin was one of the most influential organizers and also key members of the civil rights movement. A gay man and once a member of the communist party, Rustin went on to play a significant role in fighting for the rights of African Americans an d later on the gay community in the United States. Mostly working behind the scenes, he was able to mold the movement into a symbol of non-violent resistance in the United States and even the world over. He was also an influential figure who sculpted

How to Reduce Crime and End Mass Incarceration - 1318 Words

Society has developed a series of programs meant to assist individuals in being able to successfully integrate and re-integrate the social order. Through being subjected to such programs criminals and potential criminals gain a better understanding of their role in society and of the fact that they need to adopt a lawful attitude in order to experience positive results in life. The fact that they are encouraged to get actively involved in social activities influences individuals in adopting lifestyles that are in accordance with the law. This basically means that potential criminals are unlikely to engage in criminal acts as long as their needs are met and as long as someone provides them with constructive activities that take up most of their time. Crime can typically be removed from the social order most effectively through preventing it. People virtually need to understand that problems need to be stopped before they actually come to be problems. The Drug Abuse Resistance Education Program is an internationally recognized strategy meant to present young individuals with information regarding the wrongness of living a life dominated by drugs and violence. Individuals responsible for this program have obviously realized that illegal behavior is more likely to emerge when people live in antisocial environments. As a consequence, they devised this program with the purpose of turning childrens attention away from crime. As long as the forces that prevent them from adoptingShow MoreRelatedThe Division Of Our Society : Exploring Mass Imprisonment1737 Words   |  7 Pages Mass Incarceration The Division of Our Society: Exploring Mass Imprisonment Pamela D. Jackson WRIT 130: Research Paper Professor Jane Campanizzi-Mook September 11th 2015 ABSTRACT Prison is unfortunately big business in the United States and our society is paying the ultimate cost and there is only one system being rewarded. More than often we do not put much emphasis on the prison system in its entirety. It is a fairly simple concept to most Americans that if you commit a crime or ifRead More The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, by Michelle Alexander1182 Words   |  5 PagesThe New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness is a book by Michelle Alexander, a civil rights litigator and legal scholar. The book discusses race-related issues specific to African-American males and mass incarceration in the United States. Michelle Alexander (2010) argues that despite the old Jim Crow is death, does not necessarily means the end of racial caste (p.21). In her book â€Å"The New Jim Crow†, Alexander describes a set of practices and social discourses that serve toRead MoreMass Incarceration During The United State s1322 Words   |  6 PagesCraver Mrs. Gallos English 3 Honors 30 March 2017 Mass Incarceration in the United States There are too many people in prison in our country and any people in prison today are non-violent drug offenders. The American war on drugs has targeted people in poverty and minorities, who are more likely to be involved in drug use. This has created a pattern of crime and incarceration and â€Å"...[a] connection between increased prison rates and lower crime is tenuous and small.† (Wyler). The prison systemRead MoreThe New Jim Crow And Ava Duvernay s Documentary 13th1465 Words   |  6 Pageslegislation, which are policies that categorized drug use as a crime instead of health issue pushed forward by the Reagan administration. The master narrative of the criminality painted the legislation as colorblind, or nondiscriminatory, policies that will benefit all citizens and created the representation of African Americans and racial minorities as criminals. However, this one-sided conversation about racial discrimination and mass incarceration is brought into perspective by M ichelle Alexander’s bookRead MoreSouth Carolina Should Reduce Crime Rates Essay1558 Words   |  7 Pagescausation, then crime rates are extremely high due to the increase amounts of people being incarcerated. South Carolina should offer a proposal to reduce crime rates. Possible proposals to reduce crime rates- offering inmates or ex-convicted felons opportunities to find jobs, developed new skills or trade, and the ability to asses counselling once release. These alternatives can possibly improve not only the society, but also South Carolina. To find a program to reduce incarceration, create a positiveRead MoreMandatory Minimum Sentences For Nonviolent Drug Crimes Essay1644 Words   |  7 PagesMandatory Minimum Sentences For the vast majority of crimes committed in the United States, the fate of those who have been found guilty is left in the hands of a judge, after a trial by jury. However, since the 1950’s the fate of nonviolent drug offenders has been shifted to the hands of the partisan prosecution with the expansion of mandatory sentencing. Mandatory minimum sentencing is a system which sets minimum jail sentences for crimes, which not even judges can overturn. In the decades afterRead MoreThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration Essay1401 Words   |  6 Pages Michelle Alexander’s book, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, examines mass incarceration in the United States, why the criminal justice system works the way it does towards minorities, the detriments associated with mass incarceration as it relates to offenders, and much more. In the introduction of her book, Alexander immediately paints the harsh reality of mass incarceration with the story of Jarvious Cotton who is denied the right to vote among other rights becauseRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Mass Incarceration1542 Words   |  7 Pages Mass Incarceration is a growing dilemma in the United States that populates our prisons at an alarming rate. Michelle Alexander is a professor at Ohio State University and a graduate of Stanford law school. She states in her award winning book, The new Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness â€Å"In less than thirty years, the U.S. penal population exploded from around 300,000 to more than 2 million† (Alexander, 6). These young men and women are unable to afford a decent lawyer becauseRead MoreMass Incarceration And Its Effects On The United States946 Words   |  4 PagesMass incarceration alludes to the investigation which ought to be clarified as exceedingly elevated pace of imprisonment among African Americans men and Latino males from troubling neighborhoods. Many will say it’s from poor families and when they take the males, it weakens the family even more. One of the main reasons for mass incarceration is to have control of the system and Afri can American’s after slavery was annihilated. One main issue about mass incarceration would be that if an African AmericanRead MoreDo We Rely Too Much On The Prison System1305 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom a life of crime. As the prison population continues to rise in this country health and safety questions rise as well. Not only for the prisoner but for also for the guards that are there to watch over and protect the inmates. It is time to ask some very important questions regarding sentencing alternatives including; â€Å"Do we rely too much on the prison system†, â€Å"Are there better ways to punish some crimes?† and probably most importantly, â€Å"Does prison truly act as a deterrent to crime?† The Bureau